Difficult Emotion Process

My friend and her boyfriend broke up months ago and I also got affected with the break-up because I’ve also become friends with the ex-boyfriend. My friend has started to see other guys and the ex-boyfriend is seeing other girls too. The thing is, the ex-boyfriend, although he is dating with other girls, isn’t over my friend yet and he is using me as his bridge to his ex-girlfriend. That is fine with me. My role would be to update the ex-boyfriend with how the girl is doing.As a friend, I had become a confidante of the girl and she would tell me all so I know that the girl is really over her ex-boyfriend and has started to like the guy he met in one of her Chemistry class. Then, being a friend of the ex-boyfriend, I have learned that he constantly thinks of my friend and still hoping that they could come to reconciliation and eventually get back together. I thought that the ex-boyfriend should know that there won’t be a second chance between them. I have already given him the idea and then, he wanted me to tell everything about what I know of his ex and the current of his ex.I did and this made him confront the ex-girlfriend. Now, my friend is upset at me. Part of me felt guilty and the other makes me think that I shouldn’t for I am just being a friend to both of them. 2. I’ve thought about our friendship and I felt horrible of how it is right now. I felt it’s shouldn’t how friendships should end and I’ve thought friendships shouldn’t be ruined like that. Being in the same school, we can avoid passing each other but we can’t avoid seeing each other. On our free time, I asked her if she wanted to talk and she said yes.Maybe, she felt the same as I did and maybe, she also wanted to talk about it. I think she misses me too! I told her that I regret not having to explain to her right away and that we ended not talking to each other. I explained to her that I felt guilty about having to disclose h er dating with another guy to her ex-boyfriend, but, I think as a friend to her ex, I should help him move on and by telling him about her new guy this would make him think. I also told her that I think she should also tell this to his ex so the ex could start moving on.I said that when she got upset, I also felt the same towards her because I couldn’t understand why she would feel like that and I couldn’t sleep thinking of what she is thinking about me. I said that I also had second thoughts of telling it all to the ex. I also told her that I felt I do not deserve the cold treatment I’ve been receiving from her for days because I think I did the right thing to help the ex and that will not do her any harm and that there is no point of keeping the dating in secret from her ex.And if she felt that I’m not supposed to befriend the ex, it isn’t right. I told her that I wanted to get things back the way it was before all those things happened. 3. Iâ₠¬â„¢ve had confrontations before and every time it is so difficult to go through. I watched her reactions and I saw that she is also saddened. She was listening intently. When it came to the part where I told her of how I do not deserve her kind of treatment, she covered her face and started to cry, but she kept on listening. I think I did all the talking at our conversation.She was so quiet. It was really awkward. I thought, at that moment, I was hurting her. Just to end the silence, I asked her if she wanted to buy a soda. She turned to me and said she missed me. I don’t know if things between us is really okay right now, but maybe it would. I hope it would. Maybe later we could try fixing things. I think what’s important is that we start talking to each other again. Later, I would try to talk her through trusting each other again. 4. The skill was useful, although I wasn’t perfectly sure if I followed it all.But it reminded me of many points that would help m e and it did help me. The timing was perfect, I wasn’t telling any non-sense that could have hurt her more. I think it helped me make my friend understand how I felt. I was so cautious with my words and because I know her well, I know which words could hurt her and which won’t and how I should tell her. I just know how she would take things based on how it is being delivered to her. I didn’t get much response from her at that time, but, later, she’ll talk.

Minoan Palaces in Crete

The main palace sites in Minoan Crete include those in Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, Gournia, and Zakros. The palace at Knossos is the largest, with an area of approximately twenty two thousand square metres. It is located in the valley of the Kairatos River and said to be where King Minos of Ancient Greek mythology lived. It is estimated that the palace of Knossos was palace of Phaistos is the second largest and located on a low hill in the Messara plain. Just outside the town of Malia, which is thirty seven kilometres east of Heraklion, is the third largest Minoan palace. There is also a palace in the town of Gournia which is located on a small hill near the Gulf of Mirabello. Finally, a Minoan palace is located in Zakros, on the east coast of Crete and south of Palaikastro. The palace of Knossos was the largest one of the Minoan empire. Although its actual functions are still not certain, it is thought that the palace was used for both ceremonial and administrative purposes. After it was first built, it is believed to have been destroyed by an earthquake in around 1700 B. C. E and then rebuilt in approximately 1450 B. C. E. Although it is difficult to be sure about the details of the palace, the evidence that does exist suggests that it was essential to the Minoan society. Floor Plan of Knossos Palace Sir Arthur Evans Sir Arthur Evans, a British archaeologist, was the first to excavate the palace site at Knossos. He was born in 1851 and graduated from both Oxford and Gottingen universities. His discoveries were published in â€Å"Palace of Minosâ₠¬  and he was knighted in 1911 for his archaeological work. Evans perished in 1941. The excavation of the palace at Knossos and its surrounding area began in 1900 and continued to some degree for over three decades. Evans used a large sum of his own money on the project. Evans employed many local labourers to join his team and within a few months, had discovered a large amount of what he called â€Å"the Palace of Minos†. His main assistants were Theodore Fyfe and Duncan Mackenzie. Based on his findings at the site, Evans concluded that there must have been a people that existed before those previously found to have lived on Crete. The palace that Evans was in the process of excavating seemed to him to resemble the labyrinth built by King Minos of Greek mythology, and so he named the people that once inhabited the palace and its surroundings ‘the Minoans’ – after King Minos. By 1903, a large amount of the palace had been excavated. During this process, Evans and his team had found many art works and tablets displaying examples of writing, which we now refer to as Linear A. These artefacts revealed a lot about Minoan society, and lead Evans to make many of the assumptions, or ‘educated guesses’, that he did about their civilisation. The methods of restoration of artefacts found in the palace at Knossos by Evans have been questioned since his work at the site. The pioneer excavator used concrete to reconstruct areas and objects of the site, and people were employed to recreate the work on the frescoes found in and around the palace. These restorations are said to have more to do with the imagination of Evans and his team rather than the accurate works of the Minoans. Evans replaced missing fragments of frescoes and other parts of the constructions of the palace with paint and other materials that are considered by many to be inaccurate. His methods have been widely criticised as it is considered detrimental to install materials that are foreign to genuine Minoan architecture, however, he is still recognised as an important figure who contributed a great deal to our knowledge about the Minoan society. The Palace of Knossos Today Today, although the original condition of the palace site at Knossos has been maintained relatively well, there are also modern influences on the area. Located around the site are a gift shop and parking lot as well as a bronze bust of Sir Arthur Evans. Obviously, the condition of the palace itself has decreased since Minoan times due to weathering and other damage, but displays of Minoan culture are still available at the site in various forms. Visitors to the site today are able to make their way around its many rooms via its many corridors and passageways. They are also about to admire the Minoan frescoes that are still displayed at the site. Rooms and Areas of the Palace The palace has several main areas, including the east and west wings and the central court. The palace was built with an estimated one thousand and three hundred rooms and is believed by many to be the actual labyrinth mentioned in the Greek myth, â€Å"the Legend of the Minotaur†. The palace is believed to serve multiple purposes with its many rooms. It was probably an area for storage, crafting, administration, archive keeping and ceremonies as well as sleeping quarters for any royal members of society as well as possible others. The palace has both a north and south entrance and includes several staircases. In the east wing were the domestic quarters, which included apartments where any royalty would probably have lived. It also has shrines and art works as well as reception halls and luxurious bathrooms, and underneath it are storerooms that once housed many treasures and elaborate tombs. Bright murals decorate the areas that are thought to have been inhabited by Minoan royalty. There was also a room in the east wing of the palace in which a seemingly majestic chair stood, thus named the ‘throne room’ by Sir Arthur Evans. In the west wing were the storerooms where the produce of the Minoan trade system was kept. The palace of Knossos was a central location for the Minoan people to store their goods. The central court of the palace was probably used for ceremonial purposes. Records of trade undertaken by Minoans from Knossos were also archived in the palace. The palace of Knossos was probably larger than Minoan palaces found in other areas because the town of Knossos was likely to be the capital of Crete at the time. This means that the palace probably needed the space for all the storage and administration that a capital of an empire must have. The size of the palace is also a symbol of the grand nature of the city of Knossos. Knossos is also thought to have been the most densely populated town, with approximately one hundred thousand people living there. This population is extremely large compared to other ancient towns. Frescoes of the Palace The palace of Knossos is home to a huge spectrum of Minoan art, and a significant amount of works have been found there. Archaeologists think that these frescoes depict Minoan people and the animals, plants and geographical features that they were familiar with, as well as scenes such as sporting events, religious festivals and ceremonies. People are shown going about activities such as fishing and gathering on the frescoes. These people are often youthful adults and rarely children or elders. Women in the frescoes were usually painted to have lighter skin, whereas male figures had skin of a ruddier colour. Military activity is generally not displayed on Minoan frescoes, which sets the Minoan artists apart from others who existed during their time and after it. Perhaps the most famous fresco found in the Knossos palace is the Toreador Fresco, which depicts Minoan people riding a bull like creature in what appears to be some kind of sporting event. These frescoes were not in their original condition by the time archaeologists were able to excavate them due to centuries of weathering and other damage. Despite this, archaeologists and historians have a good idea of what the frescoes are supposed to depict because they are able to use the incomplete images on the works to determine what they may have looked like originally and to restore the art to this state. The importance of the Palace of Knossos The palace of Knossos is important to historians because it provides them with a vast amount of information about Minoan society and what life was like for people living on Crete during the Bronze Age. Much of what is known about the Minoan people is due to the artefacts, architecture and other evidence found in the palace site of Knossos. Frescoes provide insight into the people of Crete during Minoan times and their appearance, clothes, habits, rituals and abilities. Tablets found in the palace inform historians that Minoan people were literate and had a writing system, although its symbols cannot be deciphered today. The general layout and architecture of the palace provides knowledge regarding the Minoans’ ability to build structures, and what methods, techniques and materials they used to do so. The palace also provides evidence supporting the idea that there was Minoan royalty, although this theory is not confirmed. Overall, the palace at Knossos is of great importance to historians because without it, their knowledge of Minoan society would be significantly more limited than it is now.

Baxter Manufacturing Essay

Baxter Manufacturing Company (BMC) is a metal stampings company. Its major customers include, Ford, General Motors, Honda of America, General Electric and Whirlpool. The company is made up of two divisions it makes brackets and other components that go into the finished product, they also make motor casings. BMC employees about 420 non-union employees and has been steadily growing for the last 6 years. They have been approached to build a factory in Mexico, and settled on building in Queretaro, which is about a 3-hour drive north of Mexico City. Don Collins, who is the MIS manager, felt that since a new plant was being built with top of the line equipment and computer systems that they might be able to implement a system upgrade for the entire company. One of the problems was that BMC wanted the new system implemented by the end of the year. Given the quick deadline they decided to focus on support for the Mexico plant, a felt that the following approaches: 1. Connect the Mexican plant to BMC’s existing systems through a high-speed communications line   2.  Contract through an application service provider (ASP) to provide systems support to the Mexican plant. 3. Employ a piecemeal solution where they would acquire a number of software packages that could run on the networked PC’s in Mexico that would serve the basic needs of the Mexican plant. (MIS) The task force team ran into difficulties with language and cultural differences, the mindset of the employees and Mexico and the long distances between them. They met with resistance and self pride from the Mexican employees and were unable to communicate effectively with them. Target As a result of the lack of communication and the language differences the task force decided to go with option 3. They were working on locating vendors to provide support and with basic language software to help the employees stateside. The main issues that they are having are support for the systems and training for the equipment. By outsourcing some or all of ts IT work to a company that is familiar with the language and culture it could help expedite the time of getting the plant operational. In addition developing a training program that could be taught companywide could help benefit the entire company. Proposal One of the main issues that BMC is looking for is international support. They are been unable to work directly with its own employees due to the language barrier that it faces. By using a company like Unisys, they could provide the infrastructure support, business service support and many other features. They offer support in English and Spanish and could help ease the burden of the local IT department. Unisys could also implement a Cloud, in which the entire company could use to help transfer information to and from different locations. â€Å"Business forces have caused IT to try to figure out how to provide flexible services faster, but, without large, up front investments. Unisys has a number of cloud solutions for providing the necessary flexibility and responsiveness needed to achieve significant business value. † (Unisys) A great deal of time has gone into the development of this plant, but an equal or greater part must be present in training of the employees. In order for the plant to be fully operational at the level that is required by MBC, a training program must be designed. They would benefit greatly by having management train with how BMC currently runs its operation. By also setting up a video conferencing line they could help problem solve over the computer and or phone lines helping eliminate the distance between the two plants.

Baby Boomer's Clinic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Baby Boomer's Clinic - Research Paper Example Women with maternity HMO coverage include the wellness visit of the baby’s first year. Weakness: - Patients without any HMO coverage will most likely default on their payment. Most employers do not carry maternity and extended coverage for family members. The number of potential patients with HMO coverage may not reach critical mass. Parents may not be receptive to the idea of having their infants undergo dieting and exercising at a very early age. Developing a wellness program for every infant may require expensive diagnostic evaluation to ensure that it will not be adverse to the infant’s medical condition. Opportunities: - Providing OB-GYN services can create a natural market for the Wellness baby services. Being a Vaccination Center for the State or Federal Government can create awareness for the clinic’s wellness program. A generic wellness program that will work across a wider infant population without the need for expensive diagnostic testing will be a valuable asset that can be sold to the public. Strategy to address weakness: - During the patient pre-screening, HMO coverage detail will be obtained and verified. If there is no coverage, payment can be demanded outright before the patient is seen by the doctor. Sign-up to be an HMO accredited clinic to ensure steady and guaranteed revenue from covered patients. The HMO itself will do the marketing for the clinic amongst each member. Parents should be informed of the benefits of a wellness program its effect on the financial health of the family. The medical benefits of the wellness program to the infant itself should be highlighted. A generic wellness program can be formulated and continuously improved so that it will be applicable to a wider cross section of the infant population. Continuous testing of infants that are admitted to the wellness program should be noted. The data will be added to the

Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Renaissance - Essay Example His history reveals those factors which played a major role in the lives of Florentines as they stood on the threshold of the Renaissance. The Chronicle of Giovanni Villani demonstrates that Florence exemplified Renaissance Italy with its emphasis on commerce and the advancement of artistic creativity and was greatly affected by the devastation caused by the plague. Villani’s account of Florence as a thriving commercial center demonstrates that it was this economic prosperity which was one of the driving factors of the Renaissance in Italy. As typical of Renaissance Italian city-states, Florence is a flourishing center of commerce and an integral part of the trade network with the Eastern Empire. As fitting in any description of a commercial center, Villani holds â€Å"the income and expenditure of the commune of Florence in this period† to be one of the â€Å"great features of our city† (41). He goes on to give a detailed account of the income generated by the c ity’s manufacturing guilds, which are obviously the power houses of Florence’s economy and the foundation of its wealth and power. Villani demonstrates the dominance of the city’s largest industry, the woolen cloth makers by asserting that their workshops â€Å"were 200 or more, and they made from 70,000 to 80,000 pieces of cloth which were worth more than 1,200,000 gold florins --- and more than 30,000 persons lived by it† (42). In addition to the manufacture of cloth, the importers and sellers of Transapline cloth â€Å"imported yearly more than 10,000 pieces of cloth, worth 300,000 gold florins† (42). Villani glosses over the noble magnates and knights and gives the greater importance to the merchants, mercers, bankers, bakers, stone and carpentry masters and â€Å"many other masters in many crafts† (42) who make up the guilds. This supports our knowledge of Renaissance Florence, in which the members of a craft or merchant organization fo rmed the commune which wielded authority over the political and economic affairs of the city. Villani confirms the erosion of the power of the traditional landed aristocracy in the Italian Renaissance, saying, â€Å"but from the time that the people began to rule, the magnates no longer had the status and authority enjoyed earlier† (41). Villani makes it clear that it is the members of the manufacturing guilds and professionals who are at the top of the social hierarchy. Renaissance Florence’s dominant position in the trade network is supported by Villani’s account of the city’s ability to meet the famine. Unlike other towns which ejected their beggars at this time of want, â€Å"the commune of Florence --- received and provided for a large fraction of the poor mendicants of all Tuscany† (39). The commune arranges for grain to be bought from Sicily and the regions surrounding the city (Romagna and Arezzo), to be transported at great expense and use d to feed all the citizens. Villani pays tribute to Florence’s economic power by asserting that â€Å"in mitigation of this famine the commune of Florence spent in those two years more than sixty thousand golden florins† (39). Villani’s chronicle bears testimony to economic power and trade being the main cause for Florence’

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Case Study Example In case of a burned pizza by the oven person or an employee mistake, the cost is supposed to be borne by the individual responsible. Due to peer pressure, the night manager seldom bills the erring worker. Instead, the company bears the loss, and the error remains undetected until inventories are taken at the end of the month. That is when the manager discovers that the percentage is high and that he will not be receiving a bonus. To make sure employees do not play a part in raising the percentage, the manager adopted some measures in the last 6 months. Previously, all workers were entitled to a free pizza, free salad, and unlimited soft drinks for every six hours six hours of work. The manager decided to raise this figure to twelve hours (from six). However, the employees had grown used to the six-hour benefits and therefore whenever they could they exploited the manager or his assistants’ absence to their benefit. Although the night managers are in complete control of all operations in the evenings, they are not as respected as the manager or his assistants. This is because they receive the same wages as regular employees, are realistically the same age or sometimes even younger than regular employees, and cannot reprimand other employees. As a result of this, apathy grew within the company in the last two months. There was a clear divide between the manager and his workers, and he decided that eithe r the workers who were discontented would resign or they would have to abide by the new rules. This culminated in a rash firing of employees, who were quickly replaced by new workers. The business suffered due to the loss of key personnel. Due to the large employee turnover the manager was compelled to take part in food preparation activities, which is a violation of company rules that required the manager to be a supervisor and nothing else. However, it has not taken long for the new personnel to be influenced by the

American significant playwrights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American significant playwrights - Research Paper Example He started his job in a San Francisco theatre doing a range of routine posts such as script copier and callboy (Belasco 1). Throughout his extensive career, which stretched from 1884 to 1930, he wrote over 100 Broadway plays including The Heart of Maryland, Hearts of Oak, and Du Barry. This put him out as the most influential celebrity in the New York City drama scene. In his influential part, he liked the existing theatre technology and wanted expand on it. Belascos New York theatres were set on advanced technology. When he took control of the Republic Theatre, he created a fresh basement stage to contain his equipment. The Stuyvesant Theatre was set up with vast amounts of hydraulics systems, lighting rigs and fly space (Belasco 56). The basement of the theater had an operational machine shop where he experimented with significant effects such as lighting among others. Many of the modernisms adopted in the Belasco shop were sold to other theater owners. Howells was born on 1 March 1837. He was an American literary critic and a realist. He was born in Ohio. His parents were Mary Dean and William Cooper Howells. His father was an editor and a printer of a local newspaper and travelled regularly around Ohio. Howells began to assist William Copper with printing and typesetting work in their early days. In 1852, his father organized to have one of Howells poetry put in the Ohio State Weekly without Howells’ knowledge. The poem was treated with considerable reception by analysts, and this was the breaking point for Howells as a playwright (Belier 135). He put into writing his first book, Their Wedding Journey, in 1872. His literary repute started with the pragmatist book, A Modern Instance. Its publication was in 1882, and it explained the recent crumble of marriages in the society. His writings were gathered in 1873 and 1886, and a series of the writings printed in 1895 under the heading Stops of Various Quills. He was the originator of the

Beijing Envy, Chine in Gabon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Beijing Envy, Chine in Gabon - Essay Example China currently has good diplomatic relations and a large amount of influence in many African countries. #######China has historically had a large level of influence in Gabon, and retains a high level of influence today. Gabon has deposits of oil and other natural resources that are needed by the booming Chinese economy, and the country is a good market for Chinese manufactured goods. China has aided Gabon by giving it debt relief and Chinese engineers and technicians have explored and developed the oil fields in Gabon. In the last quarter of the twentieth century and the early twentyfirst century, Chinese envoys have made multiple visits to the nation. #######Diplomatic Relations between Gabon and China began in 1974. This is when Gabon ended its foreign relations with Taiwan, which the communist government of China considers to be a requirement for friendly foreign relations. The Joint Communique on the Establishment of the Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Gabon establishes relations between the two nations at the ambassador level and pledges that the Chinese government will provide friendly and cooperative relations with Gabon on the principles of mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual nonaggression, noninterference in internal affairs, equality, mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. This treaty is similar to most of the other diplomatic treaties signed between China and other African nations. #######After this, the Chinese government has helped Gabon in the fields of medicine, science, and technology; and they have also cooperated with Gabon on economic, political, diplomatic, and cultural issues. The two nations have had good diplomatic relations throughout this time. It is reported by the Chinese foreign ministry that #Chinese leaders and officials who paid visits to Gabon include: Chen Muhua, vice premier of the State Council (August 1978), Gong Dafei, vice minister of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (October 1981), Zhao Ziyang, premier of the State Council (January 1983), Wu Xueqian, vice premier of the State Council (March 1990), Qian Qichen, member of the State Council and minister of foreign affairs (January 1993), Li Lanqing, vice premier of the State Council (November 1995), Tian Cengpei, vice minister of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (April 1996), Li Peng, premier of the State Council (May 1997), Chen Jinhua, vice chairman of the NPPCC (July 2000), Tang Jiaxua n, minister of foreign affairs (January 2001), and Wei Jianxing, member of the Central CPC Standing Committee, etc##

Porters Five Force Analysis on Whitbreads competitiveness in Hotel Essay

Porters Five Force Analysis on Whitbreads competitiveness in Hotel Industry - Essay Example The researcher states that until the last years of 20th century, Whitbread has long been concentrating on brewing, but it has started its own restaurants, pub partnerships, inns, health and fitness service, drinks etc and has recognized that this will eventually give greater benefits to the business than the marketing potential of brewing. When it comes to hotel industry, the threat of new entrants is a big issue since it requires relatively less initial investment. The threat of new entrants in the case of brewing is also same, but hotel industry is more likely to attract customers if the hotel or restaurant can provide unique quality of goods and services. Differentiation matters a lot to hotel industry. A restaurant that is able to differentiate its products through innovation can substantially achieve significant competitive advantage. Whitbread’s Annual report reported that innovation has been critically significant strategy to its business as it listened to its customers for valuable research and thus its products and services were constantly adapted to changes. As shown in the figure above, Whitbread has identified that the contribution from restaurants, hotels and health and fitness were much better than that of other sectors and this showed how competitive the company can be in hotel industry. As far as hotel industry is concerned, threat of substitutes is greater since there are close substitutes available in the market. Confectionaries such as small treats, chocolates, soft drinks, packaged food or drinks are close substitutes.... Whitbread’s Annual report (1999, p. 15) reported that innovation has been critically significant strategy to its business as it listened to its customers for valuable research and thus its products and services were constantly adapted to changes. As shown in the figure above, Whitbread has identified that the contribution from restaurants, hotels and health and fitness were much better than that of other sectors and this showed how competitive the company can be in hotel industry. Threats of Substitutes As far as hotel industry is concerned, threat of substitutes is greater since there are close substitutes available in the market. Confectionaries such as small treats, chocolates, soft drinks, packaged food or drinks are close substitutes. Apart from this, the switching costs will be less for customers as they can easily obtain substitutes. But, threat of the substitutes to the services provided by hotel industry seems less significant as hotel industry can attract and retain its customers by facilitating supreme quality services. Restaurants, resorts and hotels have greater opportunities to convert the existing customers to loyal customers if they provide highly valuable services (Hayes and Miller, 2010, p. 365). Bargaining power of Suppliers Suppliers in the hotel industry are farmers, companies, retailers or wholesaler. As far as hotel industry is concerned, the demand for fresh and quality materials will be higher and suppliers of quality fruits or food items have relatively medium bargaining power. Since there are large numbers of suppliers available in the market, bargaining power is relatively less. Bargaining power of buyers For customers of hotel industry, there

Advocacy-LLM Criminal Litigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Advocacy-LLM Criminal Litigation - Essay Example These criminal legal professionals help to defend and prosecute particularly in the most serious criminal cases. The legal practitioners in UK have to demonstrate high magnitude of commitment, professionalism and ethical norms since UK has earned high reputation for its criminal justice system on the international level. To guarantee the delivery of high quality of criminal justice in UK courts, criminal advocates have to demonstrate higher advocacy and great technical knowledge skill. The criminal advocates help to ensure that all citizens receive a fair trial in the adversarial legal system, which is the backbone of the nation’s criminal justice system1, It is widely accepted that a huge sum is being spent as criminal legal aid in UK, pubic expects an efficient and effective advocacy from criminal advocates and if any poor standards will definitely not only have an impact on the quality of criminal advocate profession but also on the overall legal profession in UK. The Law S ociety in UK affirmed its pledge to enhancing advocacy norms which it regarded as to be must for the efficient functioning of the criminal justice system in UK. In view of the same, the Law society strongly recommended to create a certification scheme for solicitor advocates with the main spotlight on enhancing the knowledge update and training available to solicitor advocates in UK.... etiquettes for a criminal advocate as for instance, there had been severe criticism in the Milly Dowler3 trail against the counsel in 2011 for the treatment received by the victim’s family when they were in the witness box, and it is an obvious signal that even in criminal cases, antagonist backing has its limits4. The most significant traits of a criminal advocate can be summarised as follows: He should have adequate knowledge and appropriate qualification in criminal law and criminal justice system. The criminal advocate should always work for to safeguard the rights and interest of his client and should have strong fervent for justice. While in court, he should be confident and bold and should have a strong presence and should be capable of intimidating the prosecution. He should be a great performer with emoting talents to attract the jury’s attention and be able to influence them of the defendants’ misery or innocence. He should have more confident and shoul d have conducted many analogues’ litigations and should have good success rate. He should have adequate courage and more capable of facing the judge and cannot be either browbeaten or humiliated. He should have adequate knowledge of how the police functions and should be capable of detecting out facts and clues. He should have sound, deep knowledge in hidden components of law and during court hearing; he should be capable of spring surprises when never anticipated. With a client, a criminal advocate should always be fair in his professional dealings and also be honest and should brief his client the status of the case and what one can anticipate. He should be sociable in character so that he can have good relations with police, other advocates so that he can search for information from them to help his

The national state of Moldova Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The national state of Moldova - Coursework Example Transnistria is the language Romanians refer to the land on the east bank of the Nistru River, with the majority of its populations being Slavic, who are ethics of Ukrainians and Russians, although it has Romanians as the single largest group. History of Moldova Moldova’s Latin origin is traced to A.D 105-270 during Roman Empire occupation of Dacia (Present day Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia) when the intermarriage of the Roman colonist and the local population formed a culture. In A.D. 271 Huns, Ostrogoths, and the Athens who were slaves passed through the area. Bulgarian empire, Magyars, Pechenegs and the Golden Horde (Mongols) established also had been swaying in Moldova. In 13 century Hungary expanded its area and established a line of fortification near Siretul River (the present day Romanian); the region came under Hungarian rule. In 1349 Prince Bogdan established Moldovan Principality taking away Siretul River from Hungary fortifications that was originally called Bogdani a, the principality stretched from the Carpathanian Mountain to the Nistru River and was later renamed Moldova, after the Moldova River in the present day Romania. It also became under Mongol empire. ... In 1940 Romanian ceded Bessarabia to the USSR Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic by merging the autonomous republic east of the Dniester and the Bessarabia portion taken away from the Romanian. While three counties southern of Moldova incorporated in Ukraine Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1941, Romanian regained Bessarabia with the assistance of German troops, but Soviets reoccupied Bessarabia in 1944 (King, 2004, p.2). In 1990 Supreme Soviet elected Mircea Snegur as the President of Soviet Socialist republic of Moldova, who endorsed independence from the Soviet Union. In May 23rd, 1991 the Supreme Soviet renamed to Parliament of the republic of Moldova, and declared its independence from U.S.S.R (Kulik & Pshizova, 2002, p.87). Language Development Moldova language is spoken in all the former principalities of Moldovan. But, it exhibits some influence on its grammar and vocabulary from Russian and Ukrainian languages, which it has been in contact for century. In 1859 Latin alphabet w as introduced for Romanian which became Russian province of Bessarabia in 1812.Policy aimed at showing that Moldovan and Roman were different language led to the deterioration in the Moldovan language. Russian loan words were used in technical fields and Moldovan became a kitchen language and Moldovans educated in Russian schools could not easily express themselves in others areas, other than speaking in their native spoken language. Russification and de-Romanization which was more prone in urban areas had its policies resisted by Moldovan intellectuals who upheld the use of their language. In late 1980s, it lead to the adoption of language law in 30th, August 1989 that defined Moldovan in a Latin script as the state language, this was aimed at fostering the use of

Culture and workplace ethics Essay Example for Free

Culture and workplace ethics Essay Culture in the workplace has very little to do with the well known culture of literature, music and art. In the workplace, culture actually refers to the shared work environment, belief systems, behavior expectations and expected efforts, all of which usually characterize a certain organization or business enterprise. The work setting culture mainly includes things like, socialization expectations, dress code, how different groups within the organization perceive issues relating to attendance, problem solving and quality of work output. Finding the appropriate culture to fit an organization is a vital element in ensuring that a particular field or job is successful. Corporate culture has a lot of influence on ethics of an organization. It is through it that right or wrong decisions are made. They determine whether to adopt strategies that will benefit majority of the people in the workplace positively or adopting ones with an impact of affecting most workers in a negative manner (Russell, Para 3). Effect of culture on workplace ethics The organization’s culture is quite important perhaps more than most people appreciate. It holds various categories of people within an organization together and thus it has a lot of impact on what people within the organization perceive to be right or wrong. Even though certain conducts like corruption might be considered to be vice and thus culturally immoral in some organizations, there are other workplaces where the behavior is considered to be appropriate. Culture is usually deep rooted in an organization since although it is manmade; it takes several decades to grow. New employees in each and every work place are first introduced to the operating culture in the workplace and thus it is usually in each and every person working in the workplace. Ethics comes after culture and it therefore has to sing to the tune of culture (Lagan, Moran, pp 46). The depth of culture within an organization is usually realized when someone attempts to alter an organization’s culture in a manner that is not consistent with the shared believes and norms of the organization. Such a person usually meets a lot resistance regardless of whether the intended cultural change is ethical or not. Culture within an organization is usually not stagnant but it is rather dynamical so as to take into account the changing business and workplace environment. Due to the fact that the workplace ethics are tied to culture, they also have to keep on changing so as to be consistent with the workplace culture (Russell, Para 4). Workplace ethics is highly influenced by the leadership of the entire organization. These are the people who are charged with the mandate of running the business and making decisions for the entire organization. The organizational culture determines the type of people to take managerial decisions. Therefore, if the culture of an organization is to be led by men and women of high integrity, then the workplace in such an organization is likely to be ethical. This is due to the fact that when an organization is led by such people, they will always make decisions with each and everyone within and without the organization in their mind. Their decisions will in most cases affect majority of the people in a positive manner. In this case, culture is very important on business ethics since it determines in an indirect manner the type of decisions to be made by the managers leading the organization (Hopkins, pp 78). On the other hand, if the organizational culture of a particular enterprise is one that allows men and women of less integrity to lead it, people who enter these offices via unethical channels where merit is not a priority, then such managers will in most cases be unethical. They will in almost all cases make unethical decisions which are likely to only benefit very few individuals within the organization while exposing the majority, mainly the junior members of staff to unfair treatment. Workplaces operating from such environments are mostly unethical and clearly this is as a result of the organizational culture. Most of the decisions adopted in such organizations are usually only aimed at maximizing the profits of the organization without putting into consideration other parties who are likely to suffer as a result of such decisions. These types of managements are mainly self centered and are only worried about their business organizations with little or no concern at all for other people. They are not worried of whether their actions are ethical or not, as long as business is running and making profits nothing else worry them. This attitude is usually enhanced by the organizational culture which in turn affects the workplace ethics significantly (Russell, Para 7). The corporate culture of an enterprise determines the criteria of promotion. If the culture of an organization enhances promotion based on merit, then the workplace will be more ethical as compared to instances where promotion is not based on merit. Since employees seek for promotion every now and then, they have to look for the criterion that is used for promotion so that they can be well equipped to qualify for promotion. Such a culture of promotion will take decades to develop and will thus be very much deep rooted to eliminate within the workplace (Lagan, Moran, pp 69). The culture of an organization determines the values that are to be held in high regard within the organization. If a culture holds unethical behaviors in high esteem, then such conducts will be dominant in the organization. Rewards will be awarded to those people who excel in such conducts. In this case, the organizational culture is mainly concerned with appreciating the efforts of its employees who have excelled in certain field regardless of whether their actions were ethical or not. Such a culture therefore, promotes unethical behaviors among its employees (Brooks, Dunn, pp 120). In other organizations, the culture is very clear and is tailored towards promoting ethical behaviors among its employees. In fact, the employees who excel in ethical conducts in various fields in the course of their work are identified in a fair manner and rewarded so as to encourage them to continue in the same spirit and be even more ethical in future. The other employees are also challenged to act ethically and at the same time they are made to desire to act ethically so as to be rewarded like their counterparts who were more ethical than then in a certain period. This form of culture thus acts as a tool for enhancing ethical behaviors within an organization to develop (Bassman, pp 55s). Culture within an organization determines how the organization as whole perceives the outsiders, more so its competitors. There are cultures which are tailored towards viewing the competitors as enemies and thus it promotes actions which will deal with such enterprises as enemies. Such a culture will promote unethical behaviors to its competitors and enmity arises between the two organizations. Culture is responsible for various unethical actions that might be penetrated to the other organization since it has made everyone within the workplace of the organization to develop a negative attitude towards its competitors (Russell, Para 9). At the same time, culture can act as a catalyst for enhancing ethical behaviors among the various employees of the organization especially in their actions towards the competitors. Culture will in this case promote good relations among the two organizations and it will make the employees to perceive the other organization as a competitor and not an enemy. This form of culture will promote actions that will enhance positive competition between the two sides and thus ethical behaviors will be enhanced greatly (Lagan, Moran, pp 89). While there are employment regulations and laws governing the manner in which employees are to be treated, the ethics of an organization are more tailored by the organizational culture and not such laws and regulations. The ethics therefore goes beyond the regulations and the laws connecting the business practices of an organization to the workers’ personal beliefs. Culture in this case plays a leading role in ensuring that the actions adopted by the organization are in line with it. In this case, the organizational culture ensures that various employees in the workplace within the enterprise work together for a common objective as well as having the intention of doing the right thing in a world that is quite diverse and complex (Bassman, pp 126). The culture in operation within an enterprise determines how an organization treats its outsiders and whether or not it does anything that is likely to affect them negatively. For culture to be able to promote ethical actions among its employees towards the outsiders, then it must be one that encourages decisions that will affect these people in a positive manner. Among the current issues that has brought a lot of criticism in the entire world is that of pollution. An organization is considered to be ethical if it emits fewer pollutants to the environment. This means that it is concerned about the environment and the consequences of disposing untreated chemicals to the environment. On the other hand, there are organizations that are completely unethical. They pollute the environment without really caring how many people will be affected by the same. This affects the workplace environment indirectly since the employees will face hostility from members of public and will in several occasions be referred to as unethical people who do not care about tomorrow. This might make the organization to loose several employees to other companies which are more ethical as employees will like to be associated with organizations with good reputation (Brooks, Dunn, pp 258). Conclusion Culture is a very important element in every organization. It is responsible in shaping the ethical behavior of the employees and also the workplace ethics. This is due to the fact that ethics within an organization is driven by the culture that is in operation within an organization. Culture is therefore a very important force in driving ethical practices of an enterprise. This is mainly because the organizational culture takes time to grow and mature and that it is taught to all new employees which make it to be deeply rooted within all employees. Culture has the ability of making an organization to act either ethically or unethically. Work cited: Bassman, Emily S. ; Abuse in the workplace: management remedies and bottom line impact; ISBN 089930673X, Quorum, 1992. Brooks, Leonard J. Dunn, Paul; Business Professional Ethics for Directors, Executives Accountants; ISBN 0324594550, Cengage Learning, 2009. Hopkins, Willie Edward. Ethical dimensions of diversity; ISBN 080397289X, SAGE, 1997. Lagan, Attracta Moran, Brian; Three Dimensional Ethics: Implementing Workplace Values; ISBN 097574223X, eContent Management, 2005. Russell, Mike; Workplace Ethics Business for Social Responsibility: Initiatives for corporate culture’s committed to ethical business practices, concern for the environment and global humanitarian causes (2008): Retrieved on 5th August 2009 from http://sandiego. jobing. com/blog_post. asp? post=8929.

Impact of the Textile Industry on Pakistans Economy

Impact of the Textile Industry on Pakistans Economy CHAPTER 1 The study investigated the effects of textile industry on the growth of economy of Pakistan before and after establishment of world trade organization, 1995. The aim of the study was to gain insight about the effects of textile industry on the growth of Pakistans economy. The reason for selecting the topic The effects of textile industry on the growth of economy of Pakistan before and after establishment of world trade organization, 1995 was to explore this topic in Pakistan that how our textile industry is directly affects our economy. Although there are many researches conducted just to explore that how Pakistans economy is affected before and after the establishment of world trade organization. Industry is considered as the basic element of any country especially textile industry contributes significantly to the countrys GDP (Gross domestic product), exports as well as employment. The textile industry is one of the most important sectors of Pakistan. It is, in fact, the backbone of the Pakistani economy. It has a total established spinning capacity of 1550 million kgs of yarn, weaving capacity of 4368 million square meters of fabric and finishing capacity of 4000 million square meters. The industry has a production capacity of 670 million units of garments, 400 million units of knitwear and 53 million kgs of towels. The industry has a total of 1221 units engaged in ginning and 442 units engaged in spinning. There are around 124 large units that undertake weaving and 425 small units. There are around 20600 power looms in operation in the industry. The industry also houses around 10 large finishing units and 625 small units. Pakistani textile industry has about 50 large and 2500 small garment manufacturing units. Moreover, it also houses around 600 knitwear-producing units and 400 towel-producing units. According to Dr. Mirza Ikhtiar Baig (2010) the current global situation of the textile industry and the share of the Pakistan in global textile industry is the main subject of our topic. The textile demand in the world increased massively in last few decades. The global share of the textile increase about 18$ trillion and it is expected to increase 6.5% in future year. China is known as the major exporter country of the textile goods in the world. The world wide textile export is around 400$ billion. The Asian Countries have the major share in global textile export .The share of the china is around 55$ billion, the share of the Hong Kong is around 38$ billion, the share of the Korea is around 35$ billion, the share of the Taiwan is around 16$ billion and the share of the Indonesia is around 9$ billion, India also emerged as the major exporter of textile goods. In case of Pakistan, Pakistan also emerged as the textile exporter in the world. Pakistan emerged as the major exporter of th e cotton and cotton yarn, Pakistan export the 30% of textile cotton yarn and 8% cotton fabric to the world. Pakistan total textile export is 7.4$ billion in 2002 which account the 1.2% share in the world textile export. Pakistan mostly exports the textile raw materials to the world and did not export the value added items, this is the main problem of Pakistan textile sector. Pakistan should learn from Bangladesh who imports the raw cotton from Pakistan and other countries and then made the value added items and export it to the world. If we want to increase our textile revenue then we focus on the value added items in future exports. 1: TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN Nationwide Financial System: Fabric visualization-2005 has been aimed at an open market, unique, market driven and vibrant textile sector, which is globally incorporated, worldwide spirited and fully equipped to abuse the opportunities shaped by Fabric goods are the vital individual necessities after then food. Textile sector in Pakistan playing the important role in the growth of our national economy, it has the big share in our GDP growth rate. It is playing the impotent role in our export sector, employment sector and investment sector. It has the major share in our foreign exchange earnings. It has the largest share in our manufacturing sector. Textile share in overall manufacturing is about 46%; foreign export earning is about 68% and 38% share in services sector. In spite of the governments efforts to diversify the exports sector and as well as industrial sector, the textiles sector of Pakistan still the backbone of industrial activity in the country. FABRIC VISUALIZATION 2005: According to survey (2005) Fabric visualization 2005 is a vision about the new techniques introduce in sector. The vision about the, free entry and exist, barrier free markets, concept of competitive markets, dynamic and innovative which is internationally integrated and fully equipped to exploit opportunities created by the Multi Fiber arrangement at international level. At present Pakistan hold the 8th position in Asian countries Pakistan can take the 5th or 4th position if Pakistan fully exploits the opportunities created by MFA. THE FUTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEXTILE EXPORTS The development of the textile industry is heavily depending upon the GATT rounds which ultimately become the reason of the establishment of WTO in 1995. The main agenda of the GATT rounds is to obligation of quotas system, unilaterally, bilaterally, multilaterally in the textile sector. It means that there will be no quota on textile products. Pakistan is also the member of the GATT rounds and then after the member of the WTO and the benefits of the GATT rules. In GATT rounds and WTO, USA and EU was in favor of the some restriction on Chinas textile exports. Pakistan and India treated most favorite nation because both are the founding nations. 1.1.3. QUOTA NATIONS PART IN PSKISTANS TEXTILE EXPORTS USA 44.5% EU 50% CANADA 1.7% TURKEY 3.6% 1.1.4. STRENGTH AND LIMITATIONS OF PAKISTAN: The share of the textile sector of overall world export is around 6%, which is accounted nearly370$ billion. The share of the clothing goods is around 210$ billion and remaining the share of the yarn and raw cotton. In case of Pakistan, the textile sector has the major share in Pakistan export. The 60% to 70% export of the Pakistan is depend on the textile sector which is accounted nearly 7$billion in year 2002-2003.The share of the raw cotton and yarn is about 30% and share of the fabric is nearly 35% (Ayesha Fayyaz, 2010). 1: The 15 EU members countries are the highly developed countries of the world and they are the main importers of textile goods. On 1st may 2004 the ten others countries are also join the EU, these 10 newly members are comparatively less developed and more economical to compare with 15 countries thus EU companies relocate their units in those countries for cheap textile manufacturing and export more textile goods. The EU export increased and became 11% of the world textile export. 2. The EU members countries increase the employment level in this sector. Thats why they are more focus on development of this sector. The 2.5 to 3.5 million people are employed in this sector. 3. Presently another threat of Pakistani exporter is that if EU withdraws his 0% duty under EU GSP scheme, then Pakistani exporters face the damages in her expert volume. 4. In case of the USA more than one million people are employed in the textile sector. In USA there are thousands of companies who produce the textile goods. The companies mainly in South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Virginia and state of Alabama. These state protested against the 0% duty on textile goods. After the establishment of WTO and Asian crises nearly 250 units shut down and more then two laces people lost their jobs. Thus in 2004-2005 the USA Government impose the quota with different percentage on textile goods. Composition of Quota Goods USA EU CANADA TURKEY TOTAL Fabric 69% 12.4% Quota free 2.2% 21.5% Garments 30% 18.4% 1.1% 0% 49.5% Made Up 7.6% 17.2% 0.6% 0% 25.4% Yarn Quota free 2.2% Quota free 1.4% 3.6% Total 44.6% 52.2% 1.7% 3.6% 100% At present USA will also concentrate on the high tech textile goods to compete the modern world. USA focuses on non-woven, particularly focus on the hygiene products like childrens diapers and wipes, feminine hygiene, adult incontinence and highly end fashion items, particularly for womens wear. USA and EU wants the better market access to their textile products and on the other hand they also want to implement the rules of the WTO on tariffs, quota and intellectual property rights. They also want to implement the rules which are mentioned in GATS and WTO like environmental conditions, laborers facilities, wage rate and tax collection system. Pakistani exporters will prepare to fight these challenges of the modern world. USA imposes safety measures on textile exports, which can also effect on Pakistan exports, but the Pakistani exporters having the chance to get the benefit from the quota restriction on China and Vietnam imposed by the USA in 2005 as cited in Dawn News the Economist Magazines (2000). Corporation in different sectors is key to success; if the Pakistan Government and the private sectors cooperate with each other it is beneficial for the Pakistan textile industry. The government should be encouraged of production of MMF synthetics, and the private sector should be encouraged the buffer stock scheme of cotton and stock pile schemes. The Government should reduce the duties on textile machinery and other equipments. The Pakistan Government should provide the facilities to the exporters to start the business. The cost of start new business in Pakistan is very high to compare with the regional countries so the Government, Ministry of Commerce and Stat Bank of Pakistan should take steps to facilitate the business man. The ministry of Commerce focuses on three weakest links in the textile like dying, marketing and ginning. The Government of Pakistan and State bank of Pakistan should provide loans to the exporters to expand her businesses and improve the quality of the goods at international standard. The interest rate on the loans must be low to compare with market. 1.1.5. RISE IN FABRIC EXPORTS MANUFACTURING IN PAK: In international market there sharp propaganda against the quality of the Pakistan textile products. Pakistan faced the challenges of the high quality and the competition with the regional countries. After the abolition of the textile quota from January 2005 Pakistan surprised the all competitive countries to increase its global share of exports and get additional foreign exchange. Pakistan also improve its quality of the textile products thats became the reason to earn extra revenue. According to The Nations Money magazine (2005) after the abolition of the quota free world trade on textile products the Pakistan textile sector earns 3.6$ billion through exporting textile products, which show the 10% growth over the corresponding period of the last year. The different textile experts having the opinion that the textile exports of the Pakistan is expected to increase 5$ billion during the first six months after the abolition of the quota regime (January June 2005). The total export of the year 2004- 2005 is expected to increase 8.5$ billion. In 11 months of year 2005 the textile industry of Pakistan earn 7.70$ billion worth of foreign exchange earnings, which show the significantly increase in the foreign exchange earnings to compare with the previous years. In May 2005 the textile exports of the Pakistan increase 830$ million as against 650$ million in April, its show the pleasant trend in textile sector of Pakistan. The Pakistani textile manufacturers are very optimistic in nature and want to increase the international share, and they have target to increase the exports around 10$ billion US dollars. The textile industry can achieve this target; if the industry is steadily increase its exports share in the international market. The Pakistani textile manufacturers claim that the textile products such as, yarn, fabrics, cloth and bed linen are the most competitive items in the world, the quality of these products are very fine to compare with other world. These items have a major share in our overall textile exports. They claim that the leading textile producers and the exporters of the world like China, Germany, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka import these products from Pakistan and convert them into high fashion items and export the world. After few months of establishing the quota-free global trade of textile, the knitwear and readymade garment sectors in Pakistan faced a pressure, but now these two segments of the Pakistan textile industry also show improvement in manufacturing of the products. The other segments of the Pakistan textile like yarn, bed linen, clothing, are doing well before and after the new WTO regime. Since 1999 to 2005 a sizeable investment nearly 5$ billion to 6$ billion US dollars are invested in Pakistan, which have pleasant effects on local textile industry. There is huge investment in Pakistan textile industry; this investment developed the textile sector. The investment in the textile sector is divided between different segments of the industry. The spinning has made 46% of the total investment; the weaving sector has made 24%. Textile processing has made 12%, made-up 8%, knitwear and garments 5%and 5% invest in the synthetic textile sector. The textile industry of Pakistan is expected to receive investment more than 6$ billion US dollars by the year 2010 and this investment will increase the capacity and the quality of the products. According Tariq Mahmood Acting chairman all Pakistan mills association The USA imposed some restriction on Chinese textile products; this restriction is also beneficial for the Pakistan textile exporters. The EU and USA gives the bulk of the textile orders to the Pakistan because the Pakistan has the capacity to achieve the target on time. Presently the USA and Europe became the major market of Pakistan textile products, and Pakistan generates large amount of the revenue. . Soon after launching the quota-free international trade under the rules of WTO, Chinese started marketing their textile products vigorously in the USA, Europe and other major consumer countries of the world and wants to capture the local market. This behavior of the china badly damaged the local textile industry of the Europe and USA, and ultimately this became the reason of the trade war between china and EU, USA so the EU and USA wants to impose some restriction on textile products. For the last few days a tug of war started between china and USA on the issues of the revaluation of the Yuan (Chinese currency), Dumping, terrifies and this war between USA and China is beneficial for the Pakistan textile sector. The Tsunami factor had also become the reason of the development of the Pakistani textile industry, because Tsunami heavily damaged the textile industry of the Indonesia, India and Bangladesh. The re-location of the textile industry in EU and USA had also beneficial for the Pakistani textile exporters, because they mostly fulfils there textile needs from Pakistan. They import the different products from Pakistan and used it in her products. The textile industry of Pakistan had equipped itself at the international standard after the abolition of the quota system and imports the advanced textile machinery to improve the capacity and quality. The textile sector invest more than 4$billion US dollars in last four to five years, investment on the latest machinery, infrastructure, communication, expansion, manpower and designing. The industry believes that this investment in industry will comfortably meet the up comings challenges of the advanced world. Cotton is the basic need of the textile industry, and Pakistan is the leading producer of the cotton in the world. Pakistan producing the 12 to 14 million bales of the cotton annually. The Government of Pakistan should take step to promote the research on cotton which increases the production and the quality of the cotton; through research on cotton we can produce the disease free cotton. After the abolition of the quota system the textile industry has believe to need the 16 million bales of cotton annually, the 14 million of bales produce locally and 2 million of bales import from the other countries. If we focus on the research we can fulfils the need of textile industry, and also export the other countries. 1.1.6. Complication and Problems in Textile Investment Lack of road and rail network facilities in the country. Poor management by the different governmental agencies. Bad governance and poor law and order condition in the country (especially in Karachi and Khyber Pukhtunkhawah. Bad image of Pakistan portrayed by the international media and international agencies. Warnings, which are issued by the foreign countries to their citizens to stop travelling of Pakistan is also the big hurdle in Pakistan development. Pakistan is the member of the WTO and signs many international agreements like intellectual property rights and international arbitration agreements which enforce Pakistan to obey the rules. Poor communication facilities are also the major hurdle in Pakistan textile development. Corruption in Governmental department is also the major issue of the Pakistan development. Severe electricity shortfall in the country. Financial instability in the country which became the reason of the decrease in foreign investment. Our utility rates are too much high to compare with the regional countries. Our tax collection system is very weak, which also one of the main hurdle in our development. Energy crises in the country (crises in natural gas/ crises in the accessibility of petrol). The good quality soft water is not available for our textile sector (especially in Karachi). Negative impact of SROs culture. 1.2. MOTIVATION OF RESEARCH: There is a need to explore the factors influencing the overall productivity and development of the textile industry of Pakistan and the problems faced by the textile industry of Pakistan, so that it can help the policy makers to shape the different policies to tackle with the various issues of the textile industry, and it can only be done with the help of the research. There is a need to conduct study on this topic so that it can be beneficial for the individuals as well as the Pakistans economy. The issues faced by the textile industry at current need to be studied and can only be solved through proper policy implications. There is a need to explain the various factors affecting the textile industry of Pakistan so that the policy makers have an idea to explore the responsiveness of the textile industry due to current trade policies which will in turn help them to identify the different policy measures to enhance the textile industry in our country. 1.3. RESEARCH QUESTION: It is believed that the textile industry acts as the backbone of any economy, and the development and prosperity of the economy depends largely on the development of this sector. Here in this research, an attempt is made to study the effect of textile industry on the growth of the economy before and after the establishment of WTO (1995) from 1947 till current. The basic research question arises from the discussion is that whether the textile industry contributed positively towards economic growth in the country? The research tries to find out the accurate answers of this question by using econometric models. 1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: The textile industry acts as the backbone of any economy, and the development and prosperity of the economy depends largely on the development of this sector. This study was conducted how the textile industry is contributing significantly towards economic growth 1.4.1 HYPOTHESIS: H0 Textile industry does not directly related to the development of the economy. H1 Textile industry directly related to the development of the economy CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND According to Dawn News the Economist Magazines (2008), in 1947 after self-rule, only two textile mills were working with 80,000 spindles and 3,000 looms. At that time our domestic need was 8 % only. 1950 The organized development of cotton textile mills started in the late 50s. In 1952 PIDC and in 1953 Vatika Textile Mill at Karachi was organized. 1960 By mid 60s about 180 units of textile bleaching, printing and processing units in Pakistan. A number of spinning units comprising of only 12,500 spindles were set up. Newly established mills were based upon imported technology but there was lack of technical staff and shortage of capitals. Pakistans textile industry has lost its relatively more prominent position of the 1960s and 1970s, and today holds a little over 2 per cent of the world market. Pakistan enjoyed a very dynamic performance in the 1960s, and was among the leading; underdeveloped countries that were emerging in the world cotton textile market. In fact, Pakistans record was quite envious, as between 1962 and 1970 it cornered over 11 per cent of the world market (Admin, 2010). 1970 During the era of 70-71 there were 113 textile units and the industry had 2,605 spindles and 30 thousands looms. After the separation of East Pakistan, Cotton Export Corporation of Pakistan was established this meant that most of the private sector was taken over by the state. The textile industry suffered heavy looses because the export cotton controlled by CEC (Cotton Export Corporation of Pakistan), and the import of machinery was made difficult due to shortages of foreign exchange (Admin, 2010). 1980 This phase brought a relief to the textile Industry of Pakistan. There was a rapid growth in spinning sector. Till 1980-81 spinning continued to expand to 4033 thousand spindles in 203 spinning units, and working capacity amounted to 2833 thousand spindles. The textile sector holds a very important position in Pakistans economy in terms of employment value added and exports. It has the highest manufacturing value added for any industry amounting to 17.5 per cent. Similarly, about one-third of the entire manufactured employment is in the textile sector. In terms of exports, approximately 30 per cent of Pakistans total export came from cotton textiles in 1990/1, up from 20 per cent in 1982-3. Cotton yarns contribution to exports increased from 10 in 1982 to 18 percent in 1990. 1990 Machinery for producing garments and made-up was also freed from import duty. As a result, a huge expansion in the spinning sector took place in the first five years of the 1990s. World demand for good quality, wide width fabrics grew and replacement and a modernization process started. With these developments, production and export value-added items such as bed-sheets and home furnishing started. Structural changes with the replacement of outdated machinery and modernization in the industry still continued in view of world competition. In 1991-92 Pakistan produced a record high crop of 12.8 million bales.1993 to 1998; Pakistan recorded a development of 101% per year in cloth manufacture while its position is third after China and India in the world wide yarn manufacturing. The place of Pakistans textile manufacturing relatively persist and further following the full execution of WTO (World Trade Organization) contract from 2005 beyond when a period of open trade will establish internationally. In 2000-2001 Pakistans Cotton production and consumption was almost equal around 10.45 million bales (Arshiya Fayyaz, 2008). World Trade Organization and textile industry: World Trade Organization (WTO) a foreign organization which support deal between member countries, look after nationwide trade contracts and resolves disputes when they arise (Business dictionary, 2010). According to Kimberly Amadeo, the WTO (World Trade Organization) is a set where associate administration goes, to try to solve the trade issues they face with one another. At its heart are the WTO agreements, discussed and noticed by the volume of the worlds dealing states. But the WTO is not just about relaxing trade, but in some conditions its rules hold up trade blockade for example to defend clients, avoid the increase of virus or look after the atmosphere. World Trade Organizations (WTO) Impact on Textile Industry in Pakistan: According to Jabir Rafique The contract on fabric and clothes, which were ingredient of the Uruguay Round trade discussions; aim to abolish the component of inequity in textile and clothing. An agreement on textile and clothing (ATC) actually does is to give marketplace entrà ©e to developing nations and does these throughout two belongings. A: amalgamation B: development tariff We should not observe the scientific feature of ATC (agreements on textile and clothing) now, but focus on what is happening since January 1, 2005. There is a crowd of questions that would turn into greatly important for trade in textiles and apparel. Pakistans exports of textiles and apparel are probable to rise 8-billion us dollars score in 2003-04 to previous years about US$7-billion exports, current sky-scraping prices of yarn not withstanding. Pakistan will face equally intimidation and opportunities from January 1, 2005. The fundamental problem which will crash exports in 2004, but not yet determined are: Whether the EU (European Union) and U.S.A. will permit carry-forward in 2004 as required by all rising nations. Whether delivery received January 1, 2005 beyond will be free irrespective of the year of delivery or may be, for these, suitable quota permit could be essential, or these supplies may be drove back or taken away by customs. How the EU make a strategy to contract with free activities of supplies from the 10 fresh associate nations which will connect the Europe union on May 1, 2004. Pakistan by no means is capable to completely use part available to it; usually, 25% of the quotas stay unutilized. The proportion consumption of quotas remains unutilized. In 2002, an entirety amount of 4,646 million cube meters be offered to Pakistan from the listed nations. An amount of 1,147 million stays unutilized. Per unit price obtain in 2002; the unutilized value explains US$600 million (Osaka Senken, 2004). Cotton and fabrics have the greatest industrialized base. In the previous years, the section of knitwear, blanket, dry items and chosen stuff of handy clothes have shown an significant increasing trend in exports. Though, the Pakistani cloth mill is comparatively weak in artificial fiber goods, natural fiber clothes and fancy clothing. The impact of complete addition is probable to hit this sector hard. Because of back-loading, the limitations would stay in place till the end of 2004. As a result, no alteration era would be offered to the manufacturing. This unexpected swap from a limited to a open atmosphere would surely attach to the alteration difficulties of untrained units (Osaka Senken, 2004). The further influential feature since January 1, 2005 will be: Skills on which there has not been adequate center until now. The customary vision of negotiators, so as to contemptible employment and a rich delivery of yarn is not true any longer. After that is user flavor. Requirement for cotton and for fabric and clothing is common. So we should develop a spirited benefit on the goods and services that we had a relatively gain on it. While there will be no restrictions on exports; however rivalry from China and the Asian tigers with apparent additions in the non-tariff fence should be kept in view. Uruguay round was established because it was thought that in year 2005 this round would be a round to end other rounds. EU, Japan and other countries made a lobby to initiate a new round. In November 2001, 4th WTO Ministerial meeting, the Doha expansion program, basically the start of a new polygonal trade negotiation round was certified. Fresh problems were raised, and these problems were discussed in 2005. The 5th Ministerial Conference commence in Cancum, Mexico gave the notion that the urbanized world required to eat its cake and have it too. On the other hand the unpleasant act, skill, transformation, important reserves, marketplace, particular tax talks and particular local provision should be followed. To sum up, the Pakistani cloth manufacturing should not relay on usual marketplace, models and conventional ways, because there is no assurance that the offered model will persist as it is.. CHAPTER 3:  LITERATURE REVIEW Dr. Noor Ahmed Mammon, (2010) analyzed the establishment and development of the denim sub sector. According to him, the weaving part in Pakistan generally is paying intense attention to the significant success of the denim sub sector. The clothing industry of Pakistan openly benefits from the latest developments in the denim adding up advanced price to the textile formed in Pakistan. The Denim area in Pakistan still much smaller in terms of scale is leading the system for the whole industry. Aftab A Khan Mehreen Khan (2010) examine the challenges of this decades, and examine that Pakistan faces the toughest challenges in this decades. According to their research the internal condition of Pakistan is very bad and the exporters face the huge challenges. The exporters of Pakistan face crises of electricity breakdown, Shortfall of Gas, high inflation rate, political instability, terrorism, high interest rate, and problem of the foreign visas. According to their report the Government of Pakistan should take steps to solve these problems because textile industry is backbone of our exports. Jodie Keane et al, (2008) examine the job of fabric and clothing industry in enlargement and expansion strategies in developing countries. They propose that textile and clothing industry are significant in economic and social conditions, in the short-run by providing income, jobs, particularly for women, and foreign exchange receipts and in the long-run by providing countries the chance for continued economic growth. According to them, the potential of the fabric and clothing industry to contribute to long-run expansion and progress will depend not only on the characteristics of the investor, but also on the worth as well as efficiency of government policies and institutions in rising countries to put up on this deal. Dr. A. Ali Mohammad Munir (2008) analyzed the Pakistans textile export in international market. They analyze that the share of the bed wear, towels and knitwear has increased over the last six to seven years and they became the major export of our textile sector. The share of the other textile items like hosiery, denim and other textile items remained inactive and changed marginally. The study also tell that after the quota free regime in textile the competition increased too much so Pakistan need to focus on the quality of the product. Afia Malik, (2004) examines the situation of Pakistan textile industry after the establishment of WTO (1995). After the establishment of WTO in 1995 the trade

Revelance In Modern Indian Strategic Context

Revelance In Modern Indian Strategic Context This single treatise on the Science of Politics has been prepared mostly by bringing together the teaching of as many treatises on the Science of Politics as have been composed by ancient teachers for the acquisition and protection of earth. Indian strategic thought in modern times is more often than not submerged in the western thought processes. Allusions to Sun Tzu, Machiavelli, Clausewitz and more recently the treatise on Unrestricted Warfare by the two Chinese colonels is recurrent in the writings on theories of international relations and warfare, mostly crafted by the developed countries. Orations on political science consider the idea of the state as an European phenomena. Lessons on political theory and political philosophy confine to the Greek Trinity of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle and stay within the Western World. Modern India, at times, seems to flounder in its responses to these thought processes. India, a nation, which bequeathed Zero to the world, is justifiably determined not to be reduced to a nonentity in the international arena. As it marches firmly into the 21st Century, it would do the nation a world of good, if it pauses, and looks back hard, at the rich strategic and military heritage of its own, stretching back to more than two and a half millennium of recorded history. Significant amongst them would be Kautilyas Arthashastra a cornucopia of economic, political, diplomatic, administrative, military and strategic perspicacity. Many of the aspects of a State that the Westphalian system incorporates in 1648, were already done by the Kautilyan State in 300 BC. India, it seems, has unfortunately turned its back on its rich heritage. Does this fourth century BC treatise have any relevance for modern times? Do we have anything to learn from it? Or is Kautilya predestined to be relegated to the dustbins of history or ordained to a few convenient quotations? Can we be justifiably proud of his astuteness or flinch at some of his statements to the point of disowning him or both? Has modern day warfare and international relations moved far ahead so as to render his teachings to be extraneous? Do we need to spend valuable time studying his manual? These are some of the thoughts that arise in the mind, as one occasionally picks up and glimpses through the Kautilyas Arthashastra. Hypothesis. With the above background, the following hypothesis has been formulated:- The timeless nature of Kautilyas teachings has significant relevance, both in the present and foreseeable future, for the conduct of foreign policy and warfare in the Indian context. Statement of the Problem. To prove the line of argument mentioned in the hypothesis, statement of the problem of the dissertation is as delineated below. To study the salient teachings of Kautilya and analyse their relevance, with respect to foreign affairs and warfare, in the Indian context, in the present and foreseeable future. Justification of the Study. Kautilya or Kautilya also known as Vishnugupta has had a reverential fascination for the Indian students of warfare. For many Indians, brought up in the Sino-Indian rivalry, subconsciously, he has been Indias answer to Chinas Sun Tzu (544 BC-496 BC) their nearly contemporaneous lives furthering their comparisons. However, unfortunately, the Indian Army has never institutionalized the study of Kautilya and his famous treatise Arthashastra. Promotion exams have never deemed it fit to cast a glance at the man and his work while seriously lapping up lesser mortals. But for a research project or a dissertation once in a couple of years, the neglect has been deafening. Stray quotes, often without the benefit of a serious study, do embellish individual speakers talks/presentations. Various seminars such as the Indian Art of warfare by the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) in 2008, One Hundred Years of Kautilyas Arthashastra by the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) and a Worksho p on Kautilya by the IDSA on the 18 Oct 2012 have been held, however, no serious effort has been made to make Kautilyan Arthashastra a mandatory part of the curriculum in Indian Army. To be honest among ourselves, much of what passes for strategic thinking in India today is derivative, using concepts, doctrines and a vocabulary derived from other cultures, times, places and conditions. This is why, with a few honorable exceptions like the home-grown nuclear doctrine, it fails to serve our needs, impact policy, or to find a place in domestic and international discourse  [2]  . By reading Kautilya (and other texts like the Shantiparva of the Mahabharata) one is reminded of the rich experience in our tradition of multipolarity, of asymmetries in the distribution of power, of debate on the purposes of power (where dharma is defined), of the utility of force, and of several other issues with contemporary resonance. In many ways it is Indias historical experience of poly-centric multi-state systems, plurality, and of the omni-directional diplomacy and relativistic statecraft that it produced, which is closer to the world we see today. Does this fourth century BC treatise have any relevance for modern times? Do we have anything to learn from it? Or is Kautilya ordained to be consigned to the dustbins of history or relegated (as he is at present) to a few convenient quotations? Can one be justifiably proud of his teachings or cringe at some of his statements to the point of disowning him or both? Has modern day warfare and international relations moved far ahead to render his teachings irrelevant? Do we still need to spend valuable time studying his manual? These are some of the thoughts that arise in the minds as one occasionally picks up / glances through Kautilyas Arthashastra. It is interesting to note that many other antagonist countries neighbouring India, have studied Kautilyan theories in greater detail than we have, only to use Kautilyan model to contain and degrade Delhis power. The study is believed to be a part of the curriculum in the Defence Services Staff College at Quetta. The study of Kautilyas Arthashastra has to be annealed by the realism that the world has definitely moved on, especially since the Industrial and Informational Ages. The more significant of the changes include:- Nation-States have emerged since the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 and have replaced monarchies. Democracy has spread its roots wide and deep and a more egalitarian society is on the upswing, albeit with glaring exceptions. The idea of war as the preferred option to settle disputes has been largely replaced by war as the frowned upon option in international forum with deterrence being the buzzword. Economics and trade in an progressively globalised and symbiotic world have become major thespians in the arena of international relations. Multi National Corporations (MNC) has grown in stature, power and influence. Religion as a factor has gained disproportionately greater prominence in international relations. Terrorism and fourth generation warfare have begun to alter the fundamental rules of warfare. Scales of destruction wrought by nuclear and conventional weapons have increased by phenomenal multiples coupled with increased battlefield transparency, real time data transfer, precision strikes and communications. Human migration and the consequent influence positive and negative of diasporas have created subtle pressure points. Notwithstanding the dramatic transformation in the society and conduct of warfare and diplomacy, any serious student of warfare needs to study Kautilyas Arthashastra. But why? As practitioners of national security, to gain a deeper understanding of ancient Indian military tradition. It is not only sufficient to lay claims as one of the worlds ancient civilizations, as military men, it is important to understand the military contribution to the growth of ancient Indian civilization. Certain aspects of warfare, international relations and internal security do not change and are timeless. Nation states are primarily driven by their national interests. Hence we must not fail to learn from the wealth of accumulated wisdom of centuries of yore since Those who fail to learn from history are condemned to repeat it  [3]  . Although, we live in a world that is different from Kautilyas in terms of technology and experience, But human responses are still similar, as is the behaviour of the states that humans create and run. Human emotions, however rational and cool, are the basic drivers of policies and actions at all levels. Reading and understanding Kautilya helps us by broadening our vision on issues of strategy. To develop pride in Indian lineage of strategic thought. To reconnect with the rich Indian tradition of strategic thought and contribute to the evolution of our own strategic vocabulary and thought. The fact that the script of Arthashastra was discovered only in 1905 and was translated and published in 1914, gave it a delayed start over many other schools of thought. Moreover, India at the height of Non-violent Independence Struggle and Gandhian-Nehruvian- Buddhist ideology had no place for Kautilya Neeti with its strong streak of Realist School of Thought. Indians own lack of pride in Ancient Indian Civilization and the desire of the elite to read English, speak English, think English and behave English could have led to the marginalisation of Kautilyan thoughts. The difficulty in studying Kautilya and his times are due to the cartographic gaps, poor state and progression of maps and the controversies about the age and identity of the Kautilya himself. The contemplations about the age of the work vary between 4th century BCE and 3rd Century ACE. There are different views about the authorship of the ArathaShastra. One holds that Kautilya was a single person who wrote it by himself while the other claims it to be a compiled work by authors under the rubric of Kautilya. A few scholars find the traces of all strategies and diplomacy within the Arthashastra while others allege that its importance is magnified and overstated. English translations published, including those of foreign authors were serious scholarly studies. Even Penguins Kautilya, The Arthashastra, a mammoth classic of 868 pages authored by L N Rangarajan (LNR) and published in a simplified form in 1992, dissuaded many but the most ardent of the readers. Arthashastra remained out of reach for all but the serious scholars. However, to the credit of the scholars, both Indian and foreign, it must be well acknowledged, that they have done a monumental service in bringing Arthashastra to our doorsteps. The Indian defence forces immersed in their studies of military campaigns and principles of warfare propounded by Europeans and Americans have found little use (but for a few quotations here and there) for a man who was supposed to have penned his thoughts during the Mauryan Era. In fact, the Indian defence forces have largely been guilty of neglecting pre-independence home-grown military craft and strategic thought. We are afflicted with neglect of our pre-modern histories. Indias supposedly incoherent strategic approach is actually a colonial construct, as is the idea of Indians somehow forgetting their own history and needing to be taught it by Westerners who retrieved it to perpetuate colonial rule and, after independence, to induce self-doubt and a willingness to follow. Limitations and Certain Guidelines Followed The study is limited by the authors inability to understand Sanskrit, the language in which Kautilya wrote his Arthashastra. The research is hence based on English Translations of Kautilyas Arthashastra. Prof RP Kangles seminal three volume publication, The Kautilya Arthashastra, has been considered as the basis of research, supplemented by Prof LN Rangarajans 868 pages classic, Kautilya The Arthashastra, published by Penguin, Dr R. Shamasastry, the first discover and translator of manuscript of Kautilyas Arthashastra and other publications mentioned in the bibliography. The names Kautilya and Kautilya have been interchangeably used since different authors have used either or both the names. Mostly, the dissertation has endeavoured to use the name Kautilya. Scope. This study will begin with the Arthashastra itself with more detailed consideration to those portions that specifically deal with interstate relations and warfare. Although there is a substantial text related to the economic, political, administrative, judicial and strategic aspects of the state, they will not be discussed in this thesis. Methods of Data Collection The study is based on descriptive research. All the information for the study is gathered from various books available in the library and from the Internet. The following books have been consulted:- The Kautilya Arthashastra by RP Kangle (CDM Library). Kautilyan Arthashastra by MB Chande (CDM Library). Kautilya Arthashastra original translation by R. Shamasastry in 1915. (Internet Download http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/Docs/index.cfm). The First Great Political Realist : Kautilya and his Arthashastra by Roger Boesche (Recommended to be procured by CDM library USD 28). Layout The dissertation is organised into six chapters. Chapter One deals with introducing the subject, hypothesis and the methodology of the research. It is proposed to study the subject under the following heads:- Chapter 2 Introduction to Kautilya and his premier work the Arthashastra. Chapter 3 Essentials of Kautilyan teachings on foreign affairs and their relevance to modern times in Indian context. Chapter 4 Kautilyan thoughts on conduct of warfare and their relevance to modern times in Indian context. Chapter 5 Recommendations Conclusion. CHAPTER II KAUTILYA: THE MAN AND HIS WORK A PRIMER Introduction. Kautilya is well known in history as a kingmaker. He overthrew the last king of Nanda dynasty and placed the great Maurya Chandragupt on the throne and established him in Magadh. Magadh was the largest, richest, and most powerful kingdom in India in 300 BC. Kautilya was also known by other names such as Vishnugupt and Kautilya. There are various theories about origin of Kautilya. One theory is that he was a brahmin from Kerala who was in the court of Nanda King at Patliputra. Another states that he was a North Indian brahmin, born and educated at the famous town of Taxila who came to Patliputra to win laurels in philosophic disputations. Kautilya was known for his proficiency in the Vedas, skill in strategy, intrigue and also physical ugliness. There are various legends about the meeting of Kautilya and Chandragupt Maurya. Some say that Chandragupta was of a royal lineage and while he was shunted out from the Nanda Kingdom, saw a young Brahmin pouring sugar syrup on some grass so that the ants could eat up the grass which had cut his feet. Seeing the determination and perseverance of Kautilya, he asked him for help. Another story goes that the scholars of Patliputra recognising the genius in Kautilya had honoured him by making him president of a Sangha (Trust), which administered kings grants and charities. The king felt disgusted at the ugliness of Kautilya and developed contempt towards Kautilya. There was no refinement in the words and conduct of Kautilya. The king removed Kautilya from the post of the president, Kautilya vowed to uproot his dynasty. During his wanderings, he came across Chandragupta Maurya. He found Chandragupta and other boys playing in a field. In their games Chandragupta was always the king and other children brought their problems to him. Kautilya was impressed by the wisdom of the child and chose him to be the king. While it is not the purpose of this research paper to question the veracity of the the origin of Arthashastra, it is nevertheless necessary to briefly touch upon this subject with a larger aim in mind. Whatever may have been the true circumstances of their meeting, both needed each other. After Kautilya got Chandragupta educated at Taxila, together they set about attacking the Nanda kingdom. Jointly they succeeded in defeating the king and installing Chandragupta as the king. They expanded the empire and created a vast kingdom in the Indus valley and the Gangetic plains even destroying the Greek-Macedonian troops led by Alexander the Great and firmly established the Maurya Empire. Once the empire was established, Kautilya retired from active life and is believed to have written Arthashastra during that period around 320 BC. Scriptures say that it is more in upbringing that makes a man as compared to his genetic makeup or even the company he keeps. Therefore it is important to know the atmosphere in which a person was brought up to make out his essence. However, our ancient historians and writers were not well versed with keeping a very exhaustive record of their times. This becomes more evident in the case of Kautilya whose early life has not been recorded. However, almost all agree to the fact that Kautilya was born to a well read scholar who knew the importance of education. It is this background that needs to be examined in any objective study of Kautilya. Kautilya has been misunderstood by a lot of people, mainly the modern western scholars. He was fearless, not afraid of death, disgrace or defeat. He was compassionate of the poor and kind and evil to schemers. His writings which clearly show his fearlessness in the pursuit of truth have been echoed over 2000 years later when Swami Vivekananda cried out, Arise, Awake, and Sleep not till the goal is reached. Probably the most accurate description of Kautilya can be found in Nehrus words in the Discovery of India, Kautilya has been called the Indian Machiavelli and to some extent the comparison is justified. But he was a much bigger person in every way, greater in intellect and reason. He was no mere follower of a king or a humble adviser of an all powerful emperor. He was bold and scheming, proud and revengeful, never forgetting a slight, never forgetting his purpose, availing himself of every device to delude and delude and defeat the enemy. He sat with the reins of empire in his hands and looked upon the emperor more as a loved pupil than as master. Simple and austere in life, uninterested in pomp and pageantry of high position, when he had redeemed his pledge and accomplished his purpose, he retired to a life of contemplation. There is an ethical undertone in his thought and teaching. If one looks closely into his teaching, it is seen that Kautilya advocated moderation in material pleasures and adherence to the path of righteousness. He himself lived such a life, refusing all adornments or riches even after establishing the first Indian empire. He constantly exhorted to give up sensory pleasure and cultivate qualities like kindness, patience etc. In talking about the four stages of life (commonly followed in Hinduism), he feels mixing of spiritual and sensual aspects are essential with the former slowly displacing the latter in stages. One can go on and on with illustrations to prove Kautilyas farsightedness, keenness of perception, and infallibility. Arthashastra In 1902 a little known Bhatta Swamy of Tanjore chanced upon 168 palm leaves of text written sometime in the 4th century BC, he handed it over to a Sanskrit scholar Dr Rudrapatna Shama Shastry, who was a curator at Oriental Research Institute (ORI) of Mysore. Dr Rudrapatna Shama Shastry deciphered it to be the Kautilan Arthashastra and published the text in1909 and an English translation in 1915 along with an Index Verborum listing the occurrence of every word in the text. Subsequently another original manuscript and some fragments, in a variety of scripts, were discovered. Dr R Shamasastry then revised his original translation. In addition to Dr R Shama Shastrys translation there is an edition of the text with a complete Sanskrit commentary by T Ganapati Sastri, a German translation with voluminous notes by Mr JJ Meyer, a Russian translation and translations in many Indian languages. Sometime in 1960s Dr RP Kangle of Bombay University published an edition of three volumes which contained the text with precise numbering of the verses, an English translation and an exhaustive study. In 1990 Dr LN Rangarajan published an edited and rearranged translation that has grouped the verses and improved clarity. Dr RP Kangle first published his three-volume edition between 1960 and 1965. The Volume I contains a definite critically edited text with precise numbering of the Sutras and Verses, Volume II is an English translation with the detailed notes which take into account all other translations and Volume III is an exhaustive study.  [4]  The reference in this dissertation to Kautilya Arthashastra i.e. the Book, Chapter and Shlokas is from Kangles English translation i.e. Volume II, unless otherwise specified. Arthashastra is a the product of centuries of evolved strategic thinking. Kautilya himself cites several previous authorities differing views on many issues. Bharadvaja, Vishalaksha, Parasara, Pisuna and others are mentioned often. Kautilya argues with them, while presenting their views before his own. Sadly, what we know of many of them is limited to what Kautilya tells us  [5]  . Kautilyan Arthashastra is a treatise on Arthashastra by Kautilya. The word Artha is the sustenance or livelihood (Vrtthih) of men; in other words, it means the earth inhabited by men. Arthashastra is the science, which is the means of the acquisition and protection of the earth. In words of the author himself The subsistence of mankind is termed artha, wealth; the earth which contains mankind is termed artha, wealth; that science which treats the means of acquiring and maintaining the earth is the Arthashastra, Science of Polity. The Arthashastra, literally translated as the art of wealth, is an examp le of a genre common to the period. Arthashastra is a handbook for the king on art of governance. It is defined as the Shastra that shows how this activity of the acquisition and protection of the earth should be carried out. Arthashastra has a two-fold aim. First, it seeks to show how the ruler should protect his territory. This protection (palana) refers principally to the administration of the state. Second, it shows how territory should be acquired. This acquisition (labha) refers principally to the conquest of territory from others. Artha is understood to stand for material well-being as well as the means of securing such well-being, particularly, wealth. Thus, Arthashastra is understood as the science dealing with state affairs in the internal as well as the external sphere it is the science of statecraft or of politics and administration.  [6]  The name Arthashastra for the science of politics and administration, though unusual, appears to be quite old and even finds mention in Mahabharata  [7]  . Thus the two cover the whole range of state activity. The Kautilyan Arthashastra contains fifteen Adhikaranas or Books, 150 Chapters, 180 Sections and 6000 Shlokas  [8]  . Of these, the first five deal with tantra or the internal administration of the state, the next eight deal with avapa or relations of a state with neighbouring states, while the last two are miscellaneous in character.  [9]  Kautilyan Arthashastra is a detailed examination of all factors affecting the internal administration of the state, foreign policy and waging war. The topics covered by each of these 15 books are given below: Book 1. Deals with king his training, the appointment of ministers and other officers of the state, the daily routine to be followed by the ruler and his safety and security. Book 2. Describes the duties of various executive officers of the state and a full picture of state activities in agriculture, mining, leisure activities and so on. Book 3. It is concerned with law and the administration of justice, reproduces a complete code of law. Book 4. Deals with the suppression of crime and includes sections on detection of crime, control over merchants and artisans, torture and capital punishment. Book 5. It is a miscellaneous collection of topics including the salary scales of officials Book 6. It is very short, containing only two chapters, but both are important, since they set out the theoretical basis for the whole work. The first chapter sets out the theory of the constituent element of a state and the second the theory of foreign policy. Book 7. It contains an exhaustive discussion on the way in which each of the six methods of foreign policy may be used in various situations that are likely to arise in the conduct of foreign policy. Book 8. This is concerned with Vyasanas, usually translated as calamities, which may affect adversely the efficient functioning of the various constituent elements. Book 9. Deals with preparation for war and includes topics such as the different kinds of troops that could be moblised, the proper conditions for starting an expedition and the dangers to be guarded against before starting. Book 10. This book is concerned with fighting and describes the main battle camp, types of battle arrays and different modes of fighting. Book 11. This book has only one chapter and describes how a conqueror should tackle oligarchies governed by a group of chiefs instead of a single king. Book 12. It shows how a weak king, when threatened by a stronger king, should frustrate the latters designs and ultimately overcome him. Book 13. This book is concerned with conquest of the enemys fort by subterfuge / fight. It also describes how the conquered territories should be ruled. Book 14. It deals with secret and occult practices. Book 15. Describes the methodology and the logical techniques used in the work.  [10]   Disputes Over Period of Arthashastra The arguments put forth by the non-traditional school are many. The significant ones amongst them are outlined in the succeeding lines. There are no references to Chandragupta Maurya and his kingdom and his rule in Kautilyas Arthashastra. It also does not refer to the wars fought by Chandragupta. Megasthenes, the Greek Ambassador at the court of Chandragupta Maurya, in his famous account, Indica, does not refer to Kautilya at any time. Julius Jolly a German scholar for example, argues that according to Megasthenes, Indians knew only five metals and were inexperienced in mining and metallurgy, but the Arthashastra shows a highly developed technical skill and knowledge of chemical processes including knowledge of alchemy.  [11]  Hence it belongs to a later date. Theres also no reference to Pataliputra, the capital of Chandragupta Maurya at all in the text. Further, the text is primarily addressed to the ruler of a comparatively small state, a member of a circle of twelve more or less similar states.  [12]  This argument is also advanced to imply that the treatise was written much latter, even later than the Gupta period, when there was no empire in India. With respect to place names which figure in the text in Book 2 (The Activity of the Heads of Departments), K Nag has this to say Every serious historian will hesitate to consider as written in the fourth century BC, a treatise containing names like Harahura and Kapisa, Kamboja and Aratla, Bahilika and Vanayu (Arabia), Tamraparni and Pandyakarataka, Suvarna Kudya and Suvarna Bhumi, Cina and Nepala.  [13]  The mention of Cina has been especially singled out to indicate that the name came to be used for China only after the Chin dynasty established its sway over the whole of China in the second half of the third century BC  [14]  . The appearance of the word surunga a tunnel is shown by Otto Stein that the word is Greek in origin and hence a work making such frequent use of the word could not have been written so early as the fourth century BC  [15]  . Further, Stein asserts that the Arthashastra cannot claim a higher antiquity than those sciences, which the Chapter 2.10 (T he Topic of Edicts) presupposes, viz, stylistics, niti and writing  [16]  . The use of Sanskrit instead of Prakrits for writing royal decrees (as was done during Ashokas period and the practice of the Satavahanas  [17]  is also held up to indicate a later date. Others state that Arthashastra uses Philosophical Sutras, which appeared not before the fifth century AD. Certain well known treatises having similarity of content, like Yajna Valkaya, Manu Smriti, SilpaShastra AlamkaraShastra and Kamasutra of Vastsyayana have also been referred to, to indicate that Kautilyas Arthashastra could not have preceded them and hence has to be assigned a later date (third or fourth century AD). Some like RG Bhandarkar refer to the circumstance that Patanjali in his Mahabhasya  [18]  does not mention Kautilya, though he refers to the Sabha of Chandragupta and to the Mauryas. He therefore concludes that Kautilya must be assigned to a date later than that of the Mahabhasya  [19]  . Kangle in his seminal work has considered each of these objections and a few more. He then goes on to systematically put forth convincing arguments against them and proves that Kautilyas Arthashastra was indeed written in the fourth century BC. Megasthenes Indica is not completely available and is preserved only in fragments. One cannot be